Cocoms Military - Gen. O'Shaughnessy, nominee for NORTHCOM and NORAD commander, answering questions about climate change before the Senate Armed Services Committee, April 17, 2018
In the past few days, three senior military leaders from the Air Force and Navy have raised serious concerns about the effects of climate change on military missions in the Arctic.
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First, on Tuesday, April 17, 4-Star Air Force General Terrence J. O'Shaughnessy testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee about his nomination to be commander of the United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM), and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). , While the entire hearing is worth watching (including remarks from PACOM nominee Admiral Davidson), a key exchange on climate change between Senator Blumenthal and General O'Shaughnessy occurs at minute 1:27:08. Asked whether climate change presents a strategic challenge in the Arctic – part of Northcom and NORAD's Area of Responsibility (AOR) – General O'Shaughnessy responded
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General O'Shaughnessy then elaborated on the increased activity in the melting Arctic, highlighting the need to consider strategic competition in the region with Russia and China. (More…)
Washington DC. – The Center for Climate and Security (CCS), a policy institute with an advisory board of senior retired military officers and national security experts, recently released to Congress the US Department of Defense report “National Security Implications of Climate—Climate-Related Risks supports ". change."
Notably, the report highlights what US Geographical Combatant Commands (GCCs) have done to address climate threats. (more...) at: Templates Templates and pages with omitted parameters All articles with unsourced statements From December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements
A Unified Combatant Command (UCC) is a command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of forces from at least two military departments and has a broad and ongoing mission.
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The command was established to provide effective command and control of US military forces, regardless of branch of service, in peace and war.
They are organized either on a geographic basis (known as "areas of responsibility", AORs) or on a functional basis such as special operations, power projection, or transportation. UCCs are "combined" orders with special badges indicating their affiliation.
The creation and organization of Unified Combatant Commands is legally mandated under Title 10, US Code sections 161–168.
The Unified Command Plan (UCP) defines the Unified Combatant Command's mission, command responsibility, and geographic area of responsibility.
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As of September 2011, there are nine Unified Combatant Commands described in Title 10 and the most recent annual UCP. Six have regional responsibilities, and three have functional responsibilities. Each time the Unified Command Plan is updated, the combatant command organization is reviewed for military efficiency and effectiveness as well as alignment with national policy.
Special types of non-transferable command authority over assigned troops regardless of service branch, which are only available under 10 U.S.C. are vested in the CCDR by federal law. § 164.
The chain of command for operational purposes (as per the Goldwater–Nicholls Act) is from the President through the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commander.
The current unified command system in the US military emerged during World War II with the establishment of geographic theaters of operations consisting of troops from multiple service branches reporting to a single commander supported by a joint staff.
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A unified command structure also exists to coordinate British and US military forces operating under the Joint Chiefs of Staff, consisting of the British Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and the US Joint Chiefs of Staff.
In the European Theater, Allied forces came under the command of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). After SHAEF was disbanded at the end of the war, US forces were united under one command, US Forces, European Theater (USFET), commanded by Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower took over. Managing a unified command in the Pacific Theater proved more difficult as neither General of the Army Douglas MacArthur nor Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz were prepared to submit to the other.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to advocate for the establishment of a permanent joint command, and President Harry S. Truman approved the first plan on December 14, 1946.
Known as the "Outline Command Plan", it would be the first in a series of Unified Command Plans.
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The original "Command Outline Plan" of 1946 established seven unified commands: Far East Command, Pacific Command, Alaska Command, Northeast Command, US Atlantic Fleet, Caribbean Command, and European Command. However, on 5 August 1947, the CNO recommended that CINCLANTFLT be established as a fully integrated command under the title of Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic (CINCLANT). The Army and Air Force objected, and CINCLANTFLT was activated on 1 November 1947 as a unified command. A few days later, the CNO reconsidered their proposal to establish a Unified Atlantic Command. This time his allies withdrew their objection, and on December 1, 1947, the US Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) was created under the Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Command (CINCLANT).
In the original plan, each joint command was headed by a service chief (Chief of Staff of the Army or Air Force, or Chief of Naval Operations), who acted as the executive agent representing the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
This arrangement was formalized on 21 April 1948 as part of a policy paper entitled the "Joint Chiefs of Work and Staff of the Armed Forces" (known informally as the "Key West Agreement").
The responsibilities of the unified command were further expanded on 7 September 1948 when the commander's authority was expanded to include coordination of administrative and logistical tasks in addition to his combat responsibilities.
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In 1958 a "restructuring with respect to the National Command Authority and the Combined Commands" with "direct channels" to unified commands such as the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) was implemented after President Dwight Eisenhower expressed concern.
Although not part of the original plan, the Joint Chiefs of Staff also created a special command that had a broad and sustained mission but was composed of soldiers from only one service.
Examples include the US Navy, East and Mid Atlantic, and the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command. Like unified orders, special orders report directly to the JCS, rather than to the respective service chiefs.
The command has ceased to exist since the Strategic Air Command was disbanded in 1992. Relevant federal law, however, remains unchanged, and the president retains the power to make new special orders.
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The Goldwater–Nicholls Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 clarified and codified the responsibilities assumed by commanders-in-chief (CINCs), and they were first given legal status in 1947. Following that act, CINCs report directly to the United States Secretary of Defense. , and through him to the President of the United States.
US Atlantic Command became a joint forces command in the 1990s after the Soviet threat to the North Atlantic disappeared and the need for a unified and operational command for forces in the continental United States grew. Joint Forces Command was disbanded on 3 August 2011 and its components were placed under the Joint Staff and other combatant commands. On October 24, 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced that in accordance with Title 10 of the United States Code (USC), the title of "Commander in Chief" would be reserved for the President in accordance with the requirements of Article. II of the United States Constitution. Henceforth, the military CINC would be known as the "Combatant Commander", as the head of the Integrated Combatant Command.
A sixth geographically integrated command, the United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM), was approved and established in 2007 for Africa. It operated under the US European Command during its first year, and transitioned to an independent unified command status in October 2008. In 2009, it focused on synchronizing hundreds of activities inherited from the three regional commands previously involved in US military relations in Africa.
President Donald Trump announced on August 18, 2017 that the United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) would be elevated from sub-unified command to unified combatant command status. It was also announced that separation of the command from the NSA would be considered.
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Sub-unified commands, or, subordinate unified commands, may be established by combatant commanders when authorized to do so by the Secretary of Defense or the President.
It is created to accomplish part of the mission or task of its geographic or functional parent command. Sub-unified commands may be functional or geographic, and sub-unified command commanders exercise the same authority as combatant commanders.
Examples of current and former sub-unified commands are Alaska Command (ALCOM) under USNORTHCOM, United States Forces Korea (USFK) under USPACOM, United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) under USSTRATCOM, and United States Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A). Huh. ) in UScentcom.
Each CCMD is headed by a four-star general or admiral who is recommended by the Secretary of Defense, nominated for appointment by the President of the United States, confirmed by the Senate and recommended by the Secretary of Defense to the President. Appointed on instructions. The Goldwater–Nichols Act and its subsequent implementing legislation also created specific Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) requirements for officers.
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